Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8867 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and December 03, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 8.70% are Black/African American, 16.61% are LatinX, and 29.25% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2373)\)
  • No \((N = 5257)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 1030)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 188)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.41 .235
Intend to apply 1.24 .266
No 13.45 < .001
Yes 7.80 .005

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.04 .843
Intend to apply 0.01 .921
No 1.95 .162
Yes 1.73 .188

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.06 .802
Intend to apply 4.15 .042
No 5.49 .019
Yes 2.85 .092

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.69 .408
Intend to apply 0.37 .545
No 0.37 .541
Yes 0.08 .783

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.71 .100
Intend to apply 15.62 < .001
No 40.34 < .001
Yes 48.25 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.58 .209
Intend to apply 0.01 .921
No 7.01 .008
Yes 3.72 .054

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 29.05 < .001
Intend to apply 21.95 < .001
No 949.38 < .001
Yes 1338.10 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 31.27 < .001
Intend to apply 24.25 < .001
No 1053.78 < .001
Yes 1453.25 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 30.86 < .001
Intend to apply 35.79 < .001
No 964.14 < .001
Yes 1350.02 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 32.67 < .001
Intend to apply 22.98 < .001
No 909.48 < .001
Yes 1278.83 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 32.67 < .001
Intend to apply 22.98 < .001
No 909.48 < .001
Yes 1278.83 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1208)\)
  • Food \((N = 1615)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 482)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 199)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 40)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 157)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 60)\)
  • Other \((N = 20)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.01 .918
Food 8.31 .004
Income 0.57 .450
Disability 0.12 .727
Military pension 1.43 .232
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.43 .510
Military 0.00 > .999
Housing 0.46 .499
Childcare 0.30 .581
Other 0.05 .831

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.06 .813
Food 0.72 .395
Income 1.20 .274
Disability 1.40 .237
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.34 .561
Military medical 1.01 .316
Military 4.09 .043
Housing 0.85 .356
Childcare 1.62 .203
Other 0.00 > .999

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 6.59 .010
Food 0.81 .369
Income 6.39 .011
Disability 0.53 .467
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.04 .850
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.15 .701
Housing 0.06 .808
Childcare 4.69 .030
Other 0.00 > .999

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 6.85 .009
Food 2.28 .131
Income 5.87 .015
Disability 0.00 .987
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 2.44 .118
Housing 0.15 .699
Childcare 0.00 .964
Other 0.11 .740

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 4.61 .032
Food 55.45 < .001
Income 9.63 .002
Disability 9.72 .002
Military pension 0.67 .414
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 1.28 .258
Housing 3.12 .077
Childcare 5.85 .016
Other 0.04 .847

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 0.12 .729
Food 7.27 .007
Income 0.49 .485
Disability 0.49 .486
Military pension 0.07 .787
Military disability 1.08 .299
Military medical 0.00 .963
Military 0.57 .450
Housing 1.23 .268
Childcare 1.44 .231
Other 0.27 .604

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 608.29 < .001
Food 1316.35 < .001
Income 156.05 < .001
Disability 157.88 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .805
Military medical 0.06 .805
Military 3.08 .079
Housing 18.92 < .001
Childcare 25.93 < .001
Other 6.08 .014

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 648.31 < .001
Food 1422.29 < .001
Income 332.71 < .001
Disability 182.30 < .001
Military disability 1.53 .674
Military medical 1.53 .674
Military 4.65 .199
Housing 21.87 < .001
Childcare 33.64 < .001
Other 9.83 .020

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 611.21 < .001
Food 1330.48 < .001
Income 161.34 < .001
Disability 168.24 < .001
Military disability 1.21 .751
Military medical 1.21 .751
Military 4.66 .198
Housing 28.56 < .001
Childcare 29.60 < .001
Other 7.77 .051

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 618.87 < .001
Food 1248.03 < .001
Income 149.99 < .001
Disability 152.08 < .001
Military disability 17.87 < .001
Military medical 1.53 .676
Military 4.82 .185
Housing 23.59 < .001
Childcare 30.40 < .001
Other 9.06 .029

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 615.81 < .001
Food 1299.95 < .001
Income 157.45 < .001
Disability 159.45 < .001
Military disability 2.44 .486
Military medical 2.44 .486
Military 4.03 .259
Housing 19.58 < .001
Childcare 26.63 < .001
Other 7.92 .048

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 2958)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 211)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 347)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 105)\)
  • Other \((N = 49)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.50 .481
No, not expected 0.00 .955
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.00 .984
Yes 0.26 .613

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.33 .564
No, not expected 13.62 < .001
Other 0.18 .668
Unsure 1.29 .256
Yes 9.91 .002

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.03 .856
No, not expected 1.92 .166
Other 0.17 .677
Unsure 0.34 .561
Yes 1.88 .171

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.12 .729
No, not expected 7.72 .005
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.53 .468
Yes 7.43 .006

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 10.64 .001
No, not expected 1.42 .233
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 8.97 .003
Yes 4.33 .037

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 .999
No, not expected 7.42 .006
Other 0.29 .590
Unsure 2.78 .095
Yes 8.84 .003

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.55 .456
No, not expected 0.11 .739
Other 25.15 < .001
Unsure 12.43 < .001
Yes 8.81 .003

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.18 .536
No, not expected 0.77 .856
Other 29.19 < .001
Unsure 20.18 < .001
Yes 10.22 .017

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 16.10 .001
No, not expected 2.55 .467
Other 26.84 < .001
Unsure 21.92 < .001
Yes 14.70 .002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.22 .747
No, not expected 8.44 .038
Other 29.38 < .001
Unsure 14.31 .003
Yes 17.08 .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.22 .747
No, not expected 8.44 .038
Other 29.38 < .001
Unsure 14.31 .003
Yes 17.08 .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3903)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3718)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1200)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.73 .030
Increased 8.00 .005
Stayed the same 0.04 .842

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.31 .252
Increased 0.88 .347
Stayed the same 3.35 .067

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.73 .030
Increased 2.54 .111
Stayed the same 1.10 .294

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 2.93 .087
Increased 0.57 .449
Stayed the same 1.37 .242

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 10.93 .001
Increased 0.20 .658
Stayed the same 8.87 .003

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 38.75 < .001
Increased 4.53 .033
Stayed the same 22.61 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 124.14 < .001
Increased 2.71 .100
Stayed the same 153.54 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 274.56 < .001
Increased 20.65 < .001
Stayed the same 224.04 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 132.30 < .001
Increased 7.54 .057
Stayed the same 143.83 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 139.04 < .001
Increased 2.21 .529
Stayed the same 141.22 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 139.04 < .001
Increased 2.21 .529
Stayed the same 141.22 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2544)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4482)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1360)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 471)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 29.54 < .001
Minor 0.78 .377
Major 18.37 < .001
Extreme 4.04 .044

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 4.21 .040
Minor 0.41 .520
Major 3.88 .049
Extreme 5.80 .016

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 6.70 .010
Minor 1.17 .280
Major 4.25 .039
Extreme 0.25 .617

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.89 .089
Minor 0.50 .479
Major 0.88 .347
Extreme 0.05 .818

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 30.97 < .001
Minor 0.24 .626
Major 7.91 .005
Extreme 29.56 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 51.29 < .001
Minor 12.70 < .001
Major 13.79 < .001
Extreme 0.25 .617

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 621.14 < .001
Minor 4.12 .043
Major 342.51 < .001
Extreme 262.67 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 716.47 < .001
Minor 38.29 < .001
Major 429.08 < .001
Extreme 355.08 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 639.16 < .001
Minor 6.91 .075
Major 351.54 < .001
Extreme 279.02 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.003
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.337
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 618.69 < .001
Minor 15.53 .001
Major 326.04 < .001
Extreme 257.63 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.003
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.337
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 618.69 < .001
Minor 15.53 .001
Major 326.04 < .001
Extreme 257.63 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6261)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2600)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.5 .019
Yes 5.5 .019

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 6.66 .010
Yes 6.66 .010

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.6 .206
Yes 1.6 .206

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.17 .280
Yes 1.17 .280

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.24 .266
Yes 1.24 .266

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 20.93 < .001
Yes 20.93 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 59.82 < .001
Yes 59.82 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 91.86 < .001
Yes 91.86 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 71.83 < .001
Yes 71.83 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 68.4 < .001
Yes 68.4 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 68.4 < .001
Yes 68.4 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6983)\)
  • Yes \((N = 777)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 4.55 .033
Yes 4.55 .033

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.36 .551
Yes 0.36 .551

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.84 .360
Yes 0.84 .360

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.83 .363
Yes 0.83 .363

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 .975
Yes 0 .975

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 21.41 < .001
Yes 21.41 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 42.28 < .001
Yes 42.28 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 91.56 < .001
Yes 91.56 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 53.22 < .001
Yes 53.22 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 54.7 < .001
Yes 54.7 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 54.7 < .001
Yes 54.7 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 178)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 171)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 281)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1976)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 159)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 191)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 432)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.02 .312
Time away from work 0.45 .503
Inability find childcare 0.38 .539
Concern for covid 0.66 .416
Caring for family 0.04 .837
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 > .999
Other 6.56 .010

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 3.64 .056
Inability find childcare 5.37 .021
Concern for covid 3.10 .078
Caring for family 2.11 .147
Vaccine hesitancy 0.10 .750
Other 0.55 .457

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.36 .243
Time away from work 1.29 .257
Inability find childcare 0.92 .338
Concern for covid 2.90 .089
Caring for family 6.75 .009
Vaccine hesitancy 0.46 .497
Other 0.02 .895

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .956
Time away from work 2.89 .089
Inability find childcare 0.48 .488
Concern for covid 0.34 .562
Caring for family 0.12 .734
Vaccine hesitancy 0.03 .861
Other 3.47 .062

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 3.25 .071
Inability find childcare 0.22 .639
Concern for covid 1.78 .182
Caring for family 1.06 .302
Vaccine hesitancy 4.14 .042
Other 4.42 .036

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.39 .122
Time away from work 0.99 .320
Inability find childcare 2.89 .089
Concern for covid 29.15 < .001
Caring for family 1.44 .230
Vaccine hesitancy 0.05 .816
Other 5.65 .017

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 7.33 .007
Time away from work 7.93 .005
Inability find childcare 39.01 < .001
Concern for covid 42.23 < .001
Caring for family 17.74 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 13.67 < .001
Other 3.95 .047

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 16.33 .001
Time away from work 27.42 < .001
Inability find childcare 51.76 < .001
Concern for covid 66.82 < .001
Caring for family 33.48 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 25.41 < .001
Other 21.68 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 8.30 .040
Time away from work 9.90 .019
Inability find childcare 40.89 < .001
Concern for covid 51.47 < .001
Caring for family 21.64 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 17.27 .001
Other 13.85 .003

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 8.24 .041
Time away from work 7.45 .059
Inability find childcare 47.31 < .001
Concern for covid 62.40 < .001
Caring for family 27.75 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.46 < .001
Other 8.53 .036

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.01 .019
Time away from work 9.50 .023
Inability find childcare 40.71 < .001
Concern for covid 44.27 < .001
Caring for family 19.26 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 17.58 .001
Other 10.12 .018

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2466)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1165)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3292)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 354)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.37 .543
No, not eligible 11.05 .001
Unsure 0.41 .522
Yes 13.80 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.31 .012
No, not eligible 2.55 .110
Unsure 1.02 .312
Yes 0.04 .845

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.14 .023
No, not eligible 31.57 < .001
Unsure 1.24 .265
Yes 13.24 < .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.01 .937
No, not eligible 0.25 .617
Unsure 1.59 .208
Yes 1.47 .226

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.73 .098
No, not eligible 99.60 < .001
Unsure 0.42 .516
Yes 92.38 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.75 .009
No, not eligible 69.80 < .001
Unsure 6.69 .010
Yes 31.91 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.37 .545
No, not eligible 1321.39 < .001
Unsure 7.38 .007
Yes 1461.45 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 12.20 .007
No, not eligible 1392.95 < .001
Unsure 11.28 .010
Yes 1515.65 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.53 .015
No, not eligible 1355.57 < .001
Unsure 9.61 .022
Yes 1485.12 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.48 .024
No, not eligible 1306.28 < .001
Unsure 15.86 .001
Yes 1437.34 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.48 .024
No, not eligible 1306.28 < .001
Unsure 15.86 .001
Yes 1437.34 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1261)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1817)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1261)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1276)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 112)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 500)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.78 .376
No, didn’t know how 1.96 .161
No, not available 9.20 .002
No, planned 0.14 .709
Yes 16.26 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.35 .245
No, didn’t know how 0.14 .712
No, not available 6.22 .013
No, planned 1.64 .200
Yes 22.40 < .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.79 .051
No, didn’t know how 0.20 .652
No, not available 14.52 < .001
No, planned 5.53 .019
Yes 0.03 .868

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.14 .143
No, didn’t know how 6.45 .011
No, not available 6.22 .013
No, planned 0.05 .828
Yes 0.31 .577

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.96 .085
No, didn’t know how 0.74 .389
No, not available 23.38 < .001
No, planned 14.68 < .001
Yes 8.60 .003

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.18 .278
No, didn’t know how 2.26 .133
No, not available 37.35 < .001
No, planned 48.63 < .001
Yes 0.69 .406

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.13 .717
No, didn’t know how 12.07 .001
No, not available 558.19 < .001
No, planned 218.17 < .001
Yes 135.76 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.13 .717
No, didn’t know how 12.07 .001
No, not available 558.19 < .001
No, planned 218.17 < .001
Yes 135.76 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.14 .543
No, didn’t know how 13.71 .003
No, not available 592.08 < .001
No, planned 239.01 < .001
Yes 141.30 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 7.21 .065
No, didn’t know how 19.15 < .001
No, not available 560.38 < .001
No, planned 223.97 < .001
Yes 139.89 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.26 .740
No, didn’t know how 15.73 .001
No, not available 569.42 < .001
No, planned 241.84 < .001
Yes 133.42 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.26 .740
No, didn’t know how 15.73 .001
No, not available 569.42 < .001
No, planned 241.84 < .001
Yes 133.42 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 693)\)
  • Hard \((N = 952)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4915)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 36.54 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.65 .001
Hard 5.79 .016
Very hard 9.02 .003

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 9.03 .003
Somewhat hard 2.76 .096
Hard 0.00 .977
Very hard 8.32 .004

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 9.02 .003
Somewhat hard 5.66 .017
Hard 0.36 .549
Very hard 0.78 .377

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.13 .287
Somewhat hard 0.01 .934
Hard 4.79 .029
Very hard 0.11 .743

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 52.16 < .001
Somewhat hard 13.40 < .001
Hard 8.34 .004
Very hard 15.35 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 75.48 < .001
Somewhat hard 26.41 < .001
Hard 20.68 < .001
Very hard 5.67 .017

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1088.64 < .001
Somewhat hard 235.44 < .001
Hard 239.18 < .001
Very hard 339.58 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1209.22 < .001
Somewhat hard 266.68 < .001
Hard 265.14 < .001
Very hard 422.98 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1131.71 < .001
Somewhat hard 247.30 < .001
Hard 256.37 < .001
Very hard 346.31 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1068.07 < .001
Somewhat hard 241.27 < .001
Hard 241.48 < .001
Very hard 322.09 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1068.07 < .001
Somewhat hard 241.27 < .001
Hard 241.48 < .001
Very hard 322.09 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1910)\)
  • Housing \((N = 2060)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 941)\)
  • Social \((N = 711)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 789)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 853)\)
  • Other \((N = 280)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 5.05 .025
House 12.72 < .001
Utilities 27.90 < .001
Healthcare 27.07 < .001
Social 0.00 .985
Emotional 0.95 .331
Childcare 13.51 < .001
Other 0.11 .737

West

key statistic p.value
Food 1.50 .221
House 0.14 .713
Utilities 16.25 < .001
Healthcare 3.68 .055
Social 0.01 .933
Emotional 0.03 .865
Childcare 0.93 .334
Other 0.12 .732

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 4.85 .028
House 4.91 .027
Utilities 1.89 .169
Healthcare 24.53 < .001
Social 0.00 > .999
Emotional 4.23 .040
Childcare 10.29 .001
Other 0.47 .491

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 0.39 .534
House 2.68 .101
Utilities 0.32 .569
Healthcare 0.15 .698
Social 0.00 > .999
Emotional 0.17 .676
Childcare 0.08 .778
Other 0.02 .897

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 18.03 < .001
House 16.50 < .001
Utilities 23.11 < .001
Healthcare 0.09 .764
Social 1.64 .200
Emotional 0.03 .873
Childcare 27.58 < .001
Other 0.44 .506

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 46.78 < .001
House 44.15 < .001
Utilities 40.77 < .001
Healthcare 4.05 .044
Social 0.00 .999
Emotional 0.16 .687
Childcare 1.80 .179
Other 0.02 .876

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 352.69 < .001
House 542.12 < .001
Utilities 932.55 < .001
Healthcare 11.95 .001
Social 181.68 < .001
Emotional 220.18 < .001
Childcare 51.63 < .001
Other 63.76 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 399.79 < .001
House 640.55 < .001
Utilities 1045.07 < .001
Healthcare 46.82 < .001
Social 194.16 < .001
Emotional 239.98 < .001
Childcare 54.24 < .001
Other 82.38 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 374.38 < .001
House 564.30 < .001
Utilities 960.65 < .001
Healthcare 15.05 .002
Social 197.73 < .001
Emotional 228.12 < .001
Childcare 74.08 < .001
Other 65.74 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 365.12 < .001
House 531.23 < .001
Utilities 892.61 < .001
Healthcare 14.40 .002
Social 191.82 < .001
Emotional 234.77 < .001
Childcare 51.23 < .001
Other 63.38 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 365.41 < .001
House 548.54 < .001
Utilities 931.76 < .001
Healthcare 37.24 < .001
Social 184.33 < .001
Emotional 218.12 < .001
Childcare 63.81 < .001
Other 64.51 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 5032)\)
  • 1 \((N = 883)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1152)\)
  • 3 \((N = 908)\)
  • 4 \((N = 501)\)
  • 5 \((N = 234)\)
  • 6 \((N = 104)\)
  • 7 \((N = 48)\)
  • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 33.84 < .001
1 3.76 .052
2 6.96 .008
3 4.70 .030
4 4.12 .042
5 0.03 .867
6 2.47 .116

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.02 .003
1 1.03 .311
2 5.37 .020
3 0.73 .394
4 0.41 .523
5 0.20 .656
6 0.07 .793

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.83 .002
1 0.00 .974
2 1.36 .244
3 0.74 .390
4 8.45 .004
5 0.19 .663
6 0.95 .330

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.49 .483
1 1.35 .246
2 0.16 .687
3 0.54 .463
4 0.76 .382
5 0.07 .793
6 0.21 .645

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 47.95 < .001
1 33.06 < .001
2 4.26 .039
3 3.72 .054
4 0.96 .328
5 0.07 .796
6 0.27 .605

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 76.47 < .001
1 28.32 < .001
2 15.52 < .001
3 12.20 < .001
4 0.05 .818
5 1.01 .315
6 0.42 .515

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1061.30 < .001
1 117.78 < .001
2 209.21 < .001
3 188.31 < .001
4 101.32 < .001
5 20.11 < .001
6 40.68 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1170.05 < .001
1 124.50 < .001
2 249.02 < .001
3 211.53 < .001
4 107.45 < .001
5 28.76 < .001
6 48.61 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1101.24 < .001
1 136.40 < .001
2 212.13 < .001
3 201.64 < .001
4 105.73 < .001
5 22.17 < .001
6 43.16 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.056
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1038.05 < .001
1 129.95 < .001
2 211.12 < .001
3 179.16 < .001
4 100.08 < .001
5 25.74 < .001
6 44.61 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.601
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1038.05 < .001
1 129.95 < .001
2 211.12 < .001
3 179.16 < .001
4 100.08 < .001
5 25.74 < .001
6 44.61 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 33.84 < .001
1+ 33.84 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.02 .003
1+ 9.02 .003

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 9.83 .002
1+ 9.83 .002

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.49 .483
1+ 0.49 .483

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 47.95 < .001
1+ 47.95 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 76.47 < .001
1+ 76.47 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1061.3 < .001
1+ 1061.3 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1170.05 < .001
1+ 1170.05 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1101.24 < .001
1+ 1101.24 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.169
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1038.05 < .001
1+ 1038.05 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.059
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1038.05 < .001
1+ 1038.05 < .001