• Findings description: Results showed that for both low- and high-income families, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased overtime recently. during all three time-points, high-income families used more nonparental childcare than low-income families.
  
• Statistical test results:
  • During all three different time-points, the differences across high- and low-income groups were statistically significant.
    
  • For both groups, the differences between any two time-points were also all statistically significant.

• Findings description: Results showed that for White, Black, and Latinx families, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased overtime recently. during all three time-points, latinx families used the lest nonparental childcare compared to Black and White families.
  
• Statistical test results:
  
  • Pre-COVID: significant differences between White & Latinx, and Black & Latinx families
    
  • Right after COVID: no significant differences across three race/ethnicity groups
    
  • Current: significant differences between Latinx & White families, marginally significant differences between Black & White families, no significant difference between Black & Latinx families
    
  • Changes from pre- to right after COVID: significant decreases for all three race/ethnicity groups
    
  • Changes from pre-COVID to current: significant decreases for all three race/ethnicity groups
    
  • Changes from right-after COVID to current: significant increases only among White families

• Findings description: Results showed that
  
  • For low-income and high-income White, Black, and Latinx families, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased overtime recently.
    
  • For all three race/ethnicity groups, high-income families used more nonparental childcare than kow-income families.
    
• Statistical test results:
  
  • Pre-COVID: Among high-income families, significant difference between White & Latinx families; Among low-income families, significant differences between Black & Latinx families; When comparing income levels, significant differences by poverty level among White and Latinx families
    
  • Right after COVID: no statistically significant differences across race/ethnicity groups; no statistically significant differences across different poverty-level groups
    
  • Current: Among high-income families, significant differences between Latinx & White families; Among low-income families, no significant differences by race/ethnicity; When comparing income levels, significant differences by poverty level only among Latinx families
    
  • Changes from pre- to right after COVID: among both high- and low-income families, significant decreases for all three race/ethnicity groups
    
  • Changes from pre-COVID to current: among both high- and low-income families, significant decreases for all three race/ethnicity groups
    
  • Changes from right-after COVID to current: among high-income families, significant increases in nonparental childcare use only among White families; among low-income families, marginally significant increases in nonparental childcare use only among White families.

• Findings description: Results showed that for both single-parent and non-single-parent families, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased overtime recently. During all three time-points, single-parent families used more nonparental childcare compared to non-single families.
  
• Statistical test results:
  
  • Significant differences in the percentage of using nonparental childcare during pre-covid, but no statistically significant differences right after COVID or currently
    
  • For both single-parent and non-single-parent families, the differences between any two timepoints were statistically significant.

• Findings description: Results showed that for families of children with disability, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then kept dropping overtime; For families of children without disability, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased recently.
  
• Statistical test results:
  
  • Pre-COVID, there was no significant differences in caregivers’ using nonparental childcare
    
  • Right after COVID, families of children with disability used significantly more nonparental childcare compared to families of children without disability
    
  • Currently, families of children with disability used significantly less nonparental childcare compared to families of children without disability
    
  • For families of children with disability, the decrease of using nonparental childcare across three timepoints were all statistically significant
    
  • For families of children without disability, the decreases from pre- to right after covid, from pre-covid to current, and increases from right after covid to current were all statistically significant.

• Findings description: Results showed that for families of employed and unemployed caregivers, the percentage of using nonparental childcare dropped from pre- to right after COVID19, and then increased overtime recently. During all three time-points, employed caregivers used more nonparental childcare compared to unemployed caregivers
  
• Statistical test results:
  
  • Significant differences in the percentage of using nonparental childcare at all three timepoints
    
  • For both employed and unemployed caregivers, the differences between any two timepoints were statistically significant.

*Note. No data assessing pre-COVID material hardship. Thus, data below present the usage of non-parental childcare breakdown by material hardship status only during right after COVID and current situations.

• Findings description:
  
  • No statistically significant differences in the percentage of using nonparental childcare by material hardship status right after COVID
    
  • At the current timepoint, families not experiencing any material hardship reported significantly more usage of nonparental childcare compared to families who are experiences material hardship
    
  • For both families with or without material hardship, the percentage of using nonparental childcare significantly increased from right after covid to current situations.

• White families reported using more nonparental childcare compared to Black and Latinx families. Black and White families showed more steady increases of using nonparental childcare from Week 9, while Latnix families’ changes were less obvious.

• Single-parent families reported more non-parental childcare use compared to non-single-parent families; the trend of changes was similar across these two groups.

• Families of children without disability showed steady increases in using nonparental childcare from Week 4; However, for families with children with disability, the overall trend of using nonparental childcare was decreasing until Week 10 and then remained the same after (small sample size for families of children with disability).

• Caregivers who were employed reported using more non-parental childcare compared to caregivers who were unemployed during COVID-19. Additionally, the percentage of nonparental childcare use among employed caregivers has almost returned back to pre-COVID level, but the percentage of nonparental childcare use among unemployed caregivers is still lower than pre-COVID level.

*Note that figure below starts from Week 4 because of lack of material hardship data for baseline.

• Families experiencing material hardship used less nonparental childcare compared to families without mateiral hardship; the trend of increasing from week 4 to current was similar across two groups.

*Note. Material hardship data were only obtained for right after COVID and current situations. Thus, the figures below did not present pre-COVID situations.