Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8867 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and December 03, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 8.70% are Black/African American, 16.61% are LatinX, and 29.25% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2373)\)
• No \((N = 5257)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 1030)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 188)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.41	.235
Intend to apply	1.24	.266
No	13.45	< .001
Yes	7.80	.005

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.04	.843
Intend to apply	0.01	.921
No	1.95	.162
Yes	1.73	.188

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.06	.802
Intend to apply	4.15	.042
No	5.49	.019
Yes	2.85	.092

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.69	.408
Intend to apply	0.37	.545
No	0.37	.541
Yes	0.08	.783

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.71	.100
Intend to apply	15.62	< .001
No	40.34	< .001
Yes	48.25	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.58	.209
Intend to apply	0.01	.921
No	7.01	.008
Yes	3.72	.054

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	29.05	< .001
Intend to apply	21.95	< .001
No	949.38	< .001
Yes	1338.10	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	31.27	< .001
Intend to apply	24.25	< .001
No	1053.78	< .001
Yes	1453.25	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.86	< .001
Intend to apply	35.79	< .001
No	964.14	< .001
Yes	1350.02	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	32.67	< .001
Intend to apply	22.98	< .001
No	909.48	< .001
Yes	1278.83	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	32.67	< .001
Intend to apply	22.98	< .001
No	909.48	< .001
Yes	1278.83	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.59	-6.42	1.24	.546
Didn’t Qualify - No	5.98	4.33	7.63	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-2.70	-4.51	-0.90	.017
Intend to apply - No	8.57	4.99	12.16	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.11	-3.77	3.55	> .999
No - Yes	-8.69	-9.88	-7.49	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1208)\)
• Food \((N = 1615)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 482)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 199)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 40)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 157)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 60)\)
• Other \((N = 20)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.01	.918
Food	8.31	.004
Income	0.57	.450
Disability	0.12	.727
Military pension	1.43	.232
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.43	.510
Military	0.00	> .999
Housing	0.46	.499
Childcare	0.30	.581
Other	0.05	.831

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.06	.813
Food	0.72	.395
Income	1.20	.274
Disability	1.40	.237
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.34	.561
Military medical	1.01	.316
Military	4.09	.043
Housing	0.85	.356
Childcare	1.62	.203
Other	0.00	> .999

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	6.59	.010
Food	0.81	.369
Income	6.39	.011
Disability	0.53	.467
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.04	.850
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.15	.701
Housing	0.06	.808
Childcare	4.69	.030
Other	0.00	> .999

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	6.85	.009
Food	2.28	.131
Income	5.87	.015
Disability	0.00	.987
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	2.44	.118
Housing	0.15	.699
Childcare	0.00	.964
Other	0.11	.740

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.61	.032
Food	55.45	< .001
Income	9.63	.002
Disability	9.72	.002
Military pension	0.67	.414
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	1.28	.258
Housing	3.12	.077
Childcare	5.85	.016
Other	0.04	.847

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.12	.729
Food	7.27	.007
Income	0.49	.485
Disability	0.49	.486
Military pension	0.07	.787
Military disability	1.08	.299
Military medical	0.00	.963
Military	0.57	.450
Housing	1.23	.268
Childcare	1.44	.231
Other	0.27	.604

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	608.29	< .001
Food	1316.35	< .001
Income	156.05	< .001
Disability	157.88	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.805
Military medical	0.06	.805
Military	3.08	.079
Housing	18.92	< .001
Childcare	25.93	< .001
Other	6.08	.014

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	648.31	< .001
Food	1422.29	< .001
Income	332.71	< .001
Disability	182.30	< .001
Military disability	1.53	.674
Military medical	1.53	.674
Military	4.65	.199
Housing	21.87	< .001
Childcare	33.64	< .001
Other	9.83	.020

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	611.21	< .001
Food	1330.48	< .001
Income	161.34	< .001
Disability	168.24	< .001
Military disability	1.21	.751
Military medical	1.21	.751
Military	4.66	.198
Housing	28.56	< .001
Childcare	29.60	< .001
Other	7.77	.051

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	618.87	< .001
Food	1248.03	< .001
Income	149.99	< .001
Disability	152.08	< .001
Military disability	17.87	< .001
Military medical	1.53	.676
Military	4.82	.185
Housing	23.59	< .001
Childcare	30.40	< .001
Other	9.06	.029

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	615.81	< .001
Food	1299.95	< .001
Income	157.45	< .001
Disability	159.45	< .001
Military disability	2.44	.486
Military medical	2.44	.486
Military	4.03	.259
Housing	19.58	< .001
Childcare	26.63	< .001
Other	7.92	.048

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 2958)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 211)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 347)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 105)\)
• Other \((N = 49)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.50	.481
No, not expected	0.00	.955
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.00	.984
Yes	0.26	.613

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.33	.564
No, not expected	13.62	< .001
Other	0.18	.668
Unsure	1.29	.256
Yes	9.91	.002

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.03	.856
No, not expected	1.92	.166
Other	0.17	.677
Unsure	0.34	.561
Yes	1.88	.171

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.12	.729
No, not expected	7.72	.005
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.53	.468
Yes	7.43	.006

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	10.64	.001
No, not expected	1.42	.233
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	8.97	.003
Yes	4.33	.037

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	.999
No, not expected	7.42	.006
Other	0.29	.590
Unsure	2.78	.095
Yes	8.84	.003

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.55	.456
No, not expected	0.11	.739
Other	25.15	< .001
Unsure	12.43	< .001
Yes	8.81	.003

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.18	.536
No, not expected	0.77	.856
Other	29.19	< .001
Unsure	20.18	< .001
Yes	10.22	.017

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	16.10	.001
No, not expected	2.55	.467
Other	26.84	< .001
Unsure	21.92	< .001
Yes	14.70	.002

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.22	.747
No, not expected	8.44	.038
Other	29.38	< .001
Unsure	14.31	.003
Yes	17.08	.001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.22	.747
No, not expected	8.44	.038
Other	29.38	< .001
Unsure	14.31	.003
Yes	17.08	.001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.38	-3.97	4.74	> .999
No, expected - Other	-4.42	-12.33	3.48	.808
No, expected - Unsure	3.35	-2.60	9.31	.805
No, expected - Yes	0.51	-3.05	4.06	.999
No, not expected - Other	-4.81	-12.41	2.80	.729
No, not expected - Unsure	2.97	-2.58	8.52	.833
No, not expected - Yes	0.12	-2.71	2.95	> .999
Other - Unsure	7.77	-0.85	16.40	.393
Other - Yes	4.93	-2.25	12.11	.663
Unsure - Yes	-2.85	-7.80	2.10	.792

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3903)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3718)\)
• Has increased \((N = 1200)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.73	.030
Increased	8.00	.005
Stayed the same	0.04	.842

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.31	.252
Increased	0.88	.347
Stayed the same	3.35	.067

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.73	.030
Increased	2.54	.111
Stayed the same	1.10	.294

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	2.93	.087
Increased	0.57	.449
Stayed the same	1.37	.242

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	10.93	.001
Increased	0.20	.658
Stayed the same	8.87	.003

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	38.75	< .001
Increased	4.53	.033
Stayed the same	22.61	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	124.14	< .001
Increased	2.71	.100
Stayed the same	153.54	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	274.56	< .001
Increased	20.65	< .001
Stayed the same	224.04	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	132.30	< .001
Increased	7.54	.057
Stayed the same	143.83	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	139.04	< .001
Increased	2.21	.529
Stayed the same	141.22	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	139.04	< .001
Increased	2.21	.529
Stayed the same	141.22	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	6.00	4.41	7.60	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.35	7.25	9.46	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.35	0.75	3.96	.011

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.28	-8.21	-2.35	.001
Decreased	-5.83	-8.46	-3.20	< .001
Increased	-4.20	-9.22	0.83	.102

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.46	-1.76	2.68	.832
Decreased	-2.38	-4.38	-0.38	.060
Increased	-1.66	-5.66	2.34	.832

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.98	2.08	5.87	< .001
Decreased	6.21	4.53	7.88	< .001
Increased	8.00	4.91	11.09	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	9.52	7.03	12.02	< .001
Decreased	8.15	5.83	10.48	< .001
Increased	9.41	5.34	13.49	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	2.35	0.49	4.21	.036
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.38	4.09	6.67	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.03	1.16	4.90	.004

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.24	-8.68	-1.80	.006
Decreased	-6.79	-9.88	-3.70	< .001
Increased	-0.15	-5.82	5.51	.958

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.69	1.08	6.29	.017
Decreased	-0.86	-3.22	1.49	.945
Increased	0.84	-3.68	5.37	.945

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.15	1.94	6.36	< .001
Decreased	2.77	0.79	4.76	.006
Increased	8.33	4.87	11.79	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	14.12	11.22	17.02	< .001
Decreased	13.09	10.37	15.81	< .001
Increased	13.29	8.72	17.87	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	4.17	2.72	5.62	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	6.88	5.87	7.89	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.71	1.25	4.17	.001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.37	-8.06	-2.69	< .001
Decreased	-6.32	-8.72	-3.93	< .001
Increased	-2.18	-6.66	2.31	.341

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.08	0.04	4.12	.137
Decreased	-1.58	-3.41	0.25	.180
Increased	-0.38	-3.96	3.20	.835

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.05	2.32	5.78	< .001
Decreased	4.49	2.96	6.02	< .001
Increased	8.18	5.44	10.91	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	11.77	9.50	14.04	< .001
Decreased	10.60	8.49	12.70	< .001
Increased	11.35	7.74	14.96	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2544)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 4482)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1360)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 471)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	29.54	< .001
Minor	0.78	.377
Major	18.37	< .001
Extreme	4.04	.044

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	4.21	.040
Minor	0.41	.520
Major	3.88	.049
Extreme	5.80	.016

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	6.70	.010
Minor	1.17	.280
Major	4.25	.039
Extreme	0.25	.617

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.89	.089
Minor	0.50	.479
Major	0.88	.347
Extreme	0.05	.818

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	30.97	< .001
Minor	0.24	.626
Major	7.91	.005
Extreme	29.56	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	51.29	< .001
Minor	12.70	< .001
Major	13.79	< .001
Extreme	0.25	.617

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	621.14	< .001
Minor	4.12	.043
Major	342.51	< .001
Extreme	262.67	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	716.47	< .001
Minor	38.29	< .001
Major	429.08	< .001
Extreme	355.08	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	639.16	< .001
Minor	6.91	.075
Major	351.54	< .001
Extreme	279.02	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.003
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.337
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	618.69	< .001
Minor	15.53	.001
Major	326.04	< .001
Extreme	257.63	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.003
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.337
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	618.69	< .001
Minor	15.53	.001
Major	326.04	< .001
Extreme	257.63	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.98	-11.12	-8.84	< .001
None - Major	-21.96	-23.50	-20.42	< .001
None - Extreme	-31.68	-33.98	-29.38	< .001
Minor - Major	-11.98	-13.39	-10.56	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-21.70	-23.92	-19.48	< .001
Major - Extreme	-9.72	-12.17	-7.27	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.16	-9.58	-4.73	< .001
None	-5.64	-9.31	-1.98	.003
Major	-7.33	-11.35	-3.32	.001
Extreme	-11.78	-18.05	-5.50	.001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.95	-3.76	-0.14	.140
None	-0.77	-3.45	1.90	.570
Major	-2.47	-5.62	0.67	.286
Extreme	-5.24	-11.39	0.90	.286

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.63	-0.91	2.18	.421
None	-3.12	-5.93	-0.30	.120
Major	2.25	-0.41	4.92	.295
Extreme	-3.63	-9.04	1.77	.377

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	6.15	4.08	8.23	< .001
None	6.90	3.50	10.29	< .001
Major	6.62	3.31	9.94	< .001
Extreme	3.88	-1.85	9.60	.185

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.09	-10.46	-7.71	< .001
None - Major	-16.58	-18.43	-14.72	< .001
None - Extreme	-20.23	-23.01	-17.46	< .001
Minor - Major	-7.49	-9.20	-5.78	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-11.15	-13.82	-8.47	< .001
Major - Extreme	-3.66	-6.61	-0.70	.072

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.53	-10.46	-4.60	< .001
None	-2.28	-6.50	1.95	.291
Major	-9.53	-14.68	-4.39	.001
Extreme	-6.20	-14.04	1.64	.244

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.27	-2.46	1.92	> .999
None	3.87	0.81	6.92	.053
Major	-0.70	-4.78	3.38	> .999
Extreme	-3.64	-11.29	4.00	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.11	-1.97	1.75	> .999
None	1.21	-2.01	4.43	> .999
Major	-0.03	-3.41	3.36	> .999
Extreme	-2.60	-9.44	4.25	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	11.58	9.09	14.07	< .001
None	11.39	7.51	15.28	< .001
Major	12.43	8.19	16.66	< .001
Extreme	12.44	5.45	19.43	.001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.55	-10.60	-8.51	< .001
None - Major	-19.28	-20.69	-17.87	< .001
None - Extreme	-25.98	-28.09	-23.87	< .001
Minor - Major	-9.73	-11.03	-8.43	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-16.43	-18.46	-14.39	< .001
Major - Extreme	-6.70	-8.95	-4.45	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.36	-9.59	-5.13	< .001
None	-4.14	-7.38	-0.90	.012
Major	-8.43	-12.27	-4.58	< .001
Extreme	-8.99	-14.77	-3.22	.005

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.09	-2.76	0.58	.584
None	1.56	-0.80	3.93	.584
Major	-1.58	-4.61	1.45	.584
Extreme	-4.39	-10.02	1.23	.506

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.25	-1.16	1.67	> .999
None	-1.00	-3.48	1.49	> .999
Major	1.10	-1.44	3.64	> .999
Extreme	-3.11	-8.10	1.89	.894

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	8.85	6.95	10.75	< .001
None	9.04	6.05	12.03	< .001
Major	9.50	6.34	12.66	< .001
Extreme	8.15	2.94	13.35	.002

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 6261)\)
• Yes \((N = 2600)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.5	.019
Yes	5.5	.019

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	6.66	.010
Yes	6.66	.010

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.6	.206
Yes	1.6	.206

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.17	.280
Yes	1.17	.280

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.24	.266
Yes	1.24	.266

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	20.93	< .001
Yes	20.93	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	59.82	< .001
Yes	59.82	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	91.86	< .001
Yes	91.86	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	71.83	< .001
Yes	71.83	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	68.4	< .001
Yes	68.4	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	68.4	< .001
Yes	68.4	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-7.71	-8.84	-6.58	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 6983)\)
• Yes \((N = 777)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	4.55	.033
Yes	4.55	.033

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.36	.551
Yes	0.36	.551

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.84	.360
Yes	0.84	.360

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.83	.363
Yes	0.83	.363

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	.975
Yes	0	.975

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	21.41	< .001
Yes	21.41	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	42.28	< .001
Yes	42.28	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	91.56	< .001
Yes	91.56	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	53.22	< .001
Yes	53.22	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	54.7	< .001
Yes	54.7	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	54.7	< .001
Yes	54.7	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.72	-13.55	-9.88	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 178)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 171)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 281)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1976)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 159)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 191)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 432)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.02	.312
Time away from work	0.45	.503
Inability find childcare	0.38	.539
Concern for covid	0.66	.416
Caring for family	0.04	.837
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	> .999
Other	6.56	.010

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	3.64	.056
Inability find childcare	5.37	.021
Concern for covid	3.10	.078
Caring for family	2.11	.147
Vaccine hesitancy	0.10	.750
Other	0.55	.457

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.36	.243
Time away from work	1.29	.257
Inability find childcare	0.92	.338
Concern for covid	2.90	.089
Caring for family	6.75	.009
Vaccine hesitancy	0.46	.497
Other	0.02	.895

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.956
Time away from work	2.89	.089
Inability find childcare	0.48	.488
Concern for covid	0.34	.562
Caring for family	0.12	.734
Vaccine hesitancy	0.03	.861
Other	3.47	.062

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	3.25	.071
Inability find childcare	0.22	.639
Concern for covid	1.78	.182
Caring for family	1.06	.302
Vaccine hesitancy	4.14	.042
Other	4.42	.036

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.39	.122
Time away from work	0.99	.320
Inability find childcare	2.89	.089
Concern for covid	29.15	< .001
Caring for family	1.44	.230
Vaccine hesitancy	0.05	.816
Other	5.65	.017

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	7.33	.007
Time away from work	7.93	.005
Inability find childcare	39.01	< .001
Concern for covid	42.23	< .001
Caring for family	17.74	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	13.67	< .001
Other	3.95	.047

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	16.33	.001
Time away from work	27.42	< .001
Inability find childcare	51.76	< .001
Concern for covid	66.82	< .001
Caring for family	33.48	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	25.41	< .001
Other	21.68	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	8.30	.040
Time away from work	9.90	.019
Inability find childcare	40.89	< .001
Concern for covid	51.47	< .001
Caring for family	21.64	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	17.27	.001
Other	13.85	.003

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	8.24	.041
Time away from work	7.45	.059
Inability find childcare	47.31	< .001
Concern for covid	62.40	< .001
Caring for family	27.75	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.46	< .001
Other	8.53	.036

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.01	.019
Time away from work	9.50	.023
Inability find childcare	40.71	< .001
Concern for covid	44.27	< .001
Caring for family	19.26	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	17.58	.001
Other	10.12	.018

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2466)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1165)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3292)\)
• Unsure \((N = 354)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.37	.543
No, not eligible	11.05	.001
Unsure	0.41	.522
Yes	13.80	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.31	.012
No, not eligible	2.55	.110
Unsure	1.02	.312
Yes	0.04	.845

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.14	.023
No, not eligible	31.57	< .001
Unsure	1.24	.265
Yes	13.24	< .001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.01	.937
No, not eligible	0.25	.617
Unsure	1.59	.208
Yes	1.47	.226

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.73	.098
No, not eligible	99.60	< .001
Unsure	0.42	.516
Yes	92.38	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.75	.009
No, not eligible	69.80	< .001
Unsure	6.69	.010
Yes	31.91	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.37	.545
No, not eligible	1321.39	< .001
Unsure	7.38	.007
Yes	1461.45	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	12.20	.007
No, not eligible	1392.95	< .001
Unsure	11.28	.010
Yes	1515.65	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.53	.015
No, not eligible	1355.57	< .001
Unsure	9.61	.022
Yes	1485.12	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.48	.024
No, not eligible	1306.28	< .001
Unsure	15.86	.001
Yes	1437.34	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.48	.024
No, not eligible	1306.28	< .001
Unsure	15.86	.001
Yes	1437.34	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.76	0.08	3.44	.168
No, know how - Unsure	-3.22	-6.20	-0.23	.150
No, know how - Yes	-3.15	-4.90	-1.40	.002
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.98	-7.73	-2.22	.002
No, not eligible - Yes	-4.91	-6.23	-3.60	< .001
Unsure - Yes	0.06	-2.74	2.86	> .999

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1261)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1817)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1261)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1276)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 112)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 500)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.78	.376
No, didn’t know how	1.96	.161
No, not available	9.20	.002
No, planned	0.14	.709
Yes	16.26	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.35	.245
No, didn’t know how	0.14	.712
No, not available	6.22	.013
No, planned	1.64	.200
Yes	22.40	< .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.79	.051
No, didn’t know how	0.20	.652
No, not available	14.52	< .001
No, planned	5.53	.019
Yes	0.03	.868

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.14	.143
No, didn’t know how	6.45	.011
No, not available	6.22	.013
No, planned	0.05	.828
Yes	0.31	.577

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.96	.085
No, didn’t know how	0.74	.389
No, not available	23.38	< .001
No, planned	14.68	< .001
Yes	8.60	.003

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.18	.278
No, didn’t know how	2.26	.133
No, not available	37.35	< .001
No, planned	48.63	< .001
Yes	0.69	.406

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.13	.717
No, didn’t know how	12.07	.001
No, not available	558.19	< .001
No, planned	218.17	< .001
Yes	135.76	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.13	.717
No, didn’t know how	12.07	.001
No, not available	558.19	< .001
No, planned	218.17	< .001
Yes	135.76	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.14	.543
No, didn’t know how	13.71	.003
No, not available	592.08	< .001
No, planned	239.01	< .001
Yes	141.30	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	7.21	.065
No, didn’t know how	19.15	< .001
No, not available	560.38	< .001
No, planned	223.97	< .001
Yes	139.89	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.26	.740
No, didn’t know how	15.73	.001
No, not available	569.42	< .001
No, planned	241.84	< .001
Yes	133.42	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.26	.740
No, didn’t know how	15.73	.001
No, not available	569.42	< .001
No, planned	241.84	< .001
Yes	133.42	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	2.35	-2.77	7.48	.897
(N/A) - No, not available	-0.75	-3.23	1.73	.976
(N/A) - No, planned	3.83	1.24	6.42	.031
(N/A) - Yes	4.66	2.06	7.25	.004
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	-3.10	-7.88	1.67	.708
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.48	-3.36	6.31	.975
No, didn’t know how - Yes	2.30	-2.53	7.14	.884
No, not available - No, planned	4.58	2.79	6.37	< .001
No, not available - Yes	5.40	3.61	7.20	< .001
No, planned - Yes	0.83	-1.12	2.78	.921

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 693)\)
• Hard \((N = 952)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4915)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	36.54	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.65	.001
Hard	5.79	.016
Very hard	9.02	.003

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	9.03	.003
Somewhat hard	2.76	.096
Hard	0.00	.977
Very hard	8.32	.004

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	9.02	.003
Somewhat hard	5.66	.017
Hard	0.36	.549
Very hard	0.78	.377

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.13	.287
Somewhat hard	0.01	.934
Hard	4.79	.029
Very hard	0.11	.743

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	52.16	< .001
Somewhat hard	13.40	< .001
Hard	8.34	.004
Very hard	15.35	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	75.48	< .001
Somewhat hard	26.41	< .001
Hard	20.68	< .001
Very hard	5.67	.017

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1088.64	< .001
Somewhat hard	235.44	< .001
Hard	239.18	< .001
Very hard	339.58	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1209.22	< .001
Somewhat hard	266.68	< .001
Hard	265.14	< .001
Very hard	422.98	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1131.71	< .001
Somewhat hard	247.30	< .001
Hard	256.37	< .001
Very hard	346.31	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1068.07	< .001
Somewhat hard	241.27	< .001
Hard	241.48	< .001
Very hard	322.09	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1068.07	< .001
Somewhat hard	241.27	< .001
Hard	241.48	< .001
Very hard	322.09	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.12	-11.29	-8.95	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.34	-17.98	-14.70	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.02	-26.90	-23.14	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.21	-8.00	-4.43	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-14.89	-16.90	-12.89	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.68	-11.00	-6.37	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.35	-8.93	-3.77	< .001
Somewhat hard	-8.45	-11.65	-5.24	< .001
Hard	-6.43	-11.18	-1.67	.016
Very hard	-6.72	-12.22	-1.22	.017

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.89	-3.79	0.00	.151
Somewhat hard	-1.62	-4.11	0.88	.250
Hard	-2.88	-6.55	0.80	.250
Very hard	-5.63	-10.30	-0.96	.074

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.97	-2.76	0.82	.868
Somewhat hard	1.10	-1.02	3.23	.868
Hard	2.55	-0.67	5.78	.484
Very hard	-1.17	-5.40	3.07	.868

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	5.85	3.50	8.20	< .001
Somewhat hard	6.32	3.57	9.06	< .001
Hard	6.26	2.38	10.13	.003
Very hard	5.14	0.57	9.70	.028

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.76	-10.16	-7.36	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-12.94	-14.90	-10.98	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.75	-19.00	-14.51	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-4.18	-6.32	-2.05	.001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-8.00	-10.40	-5.60	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-3.81	-6.58	-1.05	.035

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-4.95	-7.95	-1.95	.003
Somewhat hard	-8.70	-12.59	-4.81	< .001
Hard	-10.16	-16.17	-4.14	.003
Very hard	-3.66	-10.60	3.29	.303

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.56	0.36	4.76	.090
Somewhat hard	-1.42	-4.45	1.61	.715
Hard	-0.91	-5.64	3.81	.715
Very hard	-5.26	-11.21	0.69	.251

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.92	-0.15	3.99	.208
Somewhat hard	-2.56	-5.12	0.00	.201
Hard	-3.23	-7.36	0.89	.250
Very hard	2.74	-2.59	8.07	.315

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	10.60	7.89	13.31	< .001
Somewhat hard	12.16	8.85	15.47	< .001
Hard	12.12	7.22	17.02	< .001
Very hard	12.43	6.74	18.13	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.45	-10.52	-8.38	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.66	-16.16	-13.16	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-20.90	-22.62	-19.18	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.21	-6.84	-3.58	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.45	-13.28	-9.62	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-6.24	-8.35	-4.12	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.74	-8.05	-3.43	< .001
Somewhat hard	-8.57	-11.55	-5.60	< .001
Hard	-8.31	-12.81	-3.80	.001
Very hard	-5.19	-10.26	-0.13	.045

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.34	-1.36	2.05	.694
Somewhat hard	-1.52	-3.84	0.80	.601
Hard	-1.81	-5.32	1.69	.622
Very hard	-5.41	-9.71	-1.11	.056

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.46	-1.15	2.06	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.72	-2.69	1.24	> .999
Hard	-0.37	-3.44	2.69	> .999
Very hard	0.79	-3.11	4.69	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	8.18	6.08	10.27	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.21	6.67	11.75	< .001
Hard	9.13	5.47	12.79	< .001
Very hard	8.78	4.61	12.94	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1910)\)
• Housing \((N = 2060)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 941)\)
• Social \((N = 711)\)
• Emotional \((N = 789)\)
• Childcare \((N = 853)\)
• Other \((N = 280)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	5.05	.025
House	12.72	< .001
Utilities	27.90	< .001
Healthcare	27.07	< .001
Social	0.00	.985
Emotional	0.95	.331
Childcare	13.51	< .001
Other	0.11	.737

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.50	.221
House	0.14	.713
Utilities	16.25	< .001
Healthcare	3.68	.055
Social	0.01	.933
Emotional	0.03	.865
Childcare	0.93	.334
Other	0.12	.732

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	4.85	.028
House	4.91	.027
Utilities	1.89	.169
Healthcare	24.53	< .001
Social	0.00	> .999
Emotional	4.23	.040
Childcare	10.29	.001
Other	0.47	.491

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.39	.534
House	2.68	.101
Utilities	0.32	.569
Healthcare	0.15	.698
Social	0.00	> .999
Emotional	0.17	.676
Childcare	0.08	.778
Other	0.02	.897

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	18.03	< .001
House	16.50	< .001
Utilities	23.11	< .001
Healthcare	0.09	.764
Social	1.64	.200
Emotional	0.03	.873
Childcare	27.58	< .001
Other	0.44	.506

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	46.78	< .001
House	44.15	< .001
Utilities	40.77	< .001
Healthcare	4.05	.044
Social	0.00	.999
Emotional	0.16	.687
Childcare	1.80	.179
Other	0.02	.876

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	352.69	< .001
House	542.12	< .001
Utilities	932.55	< .001
Healthcare	11.95	.001
Social	181.68	< .001
Emotional	220.18	< .001
Childcare	51.63	< .001
Other	63.76	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	399.79	< .001
House	640.55	< .001
Utilities	1045.07	< .001
Healthcare	46.82	< .001
Social	194.16	< .001
Emotional	239.98	< .001
Childcare	54.24	< .001
Other	82.38	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	374.38	< .001
House	564.30	< .001
Utilities	960.65	< .001
Healthcare	15.05	.002
Social	197.73	< .001
Emotional	228.12	< .001
Childcare	74.08	< .001
Other	65.74	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	365.12	< .001
House	531.23	< .001
Utilities	892.61	< .001
Healthcare	14.40	.002
Social	191.82	< .001
Emotional	234.77	< .001
Childcare	51.23	< .001
Other	63.38	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	365.41	< .001
House	548.54	< .001
Utilities	931.76	< .001
Healthcare	37.24	< .001
Social	184.33	< .001
Emotional	218.12	< .001
Childcare	63.81	< .001
Other	64.51	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 5032)\)
• 1 \((N = 883)\)
• 2 \((N = 1152)\)
• 3 \((N = 908)\)
• 4 \((N = 501)\)
• 5 \((N = 234)\)
• 6 \((N = 104)\)
• 7 \((N = 48)\)
• 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	33.84	< .001
1	3.76	.052
2	6.96	.008
3	4.70	.030
4	4.12	.042
5	0.03	.867
6	2.47	.116

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.02	.003
1	1.03	.311
2	5.37	.020
3	0.73	.394
4	0.41	.523
5	0.20	.656
6	0.07	.793

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.83	.002
1	0.00	.974
2	1.36	.244
3	0.74	.390
4	8.45	.004
5	0.19	.663
6	0.95	.330

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.49	.483
1	1.35	.246
2	0.16	.687
3	0.54	.463
4	0.76	.382
5	0.07	.793
6	0.21	.645

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	47.95	< .001
1	33.06	< .001
2	4.26	.039
3	3.72	.054
4	0.96	.328
5	0.07	.796
6	0.27	.605

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	76.47	< .001
1	28.32	< .001
2	15.52	< .001
3	12.20	< .001
4	0.05	.818
5	1.01	.315
6	0.42	.515

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1061.30	< .001
1	117.78	< .001
2	209.21	< .001
3	188.31	< .001
4	101.32	< .001
5	20.11	< .001
6	40.68	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1170.05	< .001
1	124.50	< .001
2	249.02	< .001
3	211.53	< .001
4	107.45	< .001
5	28.76	< .001
6	48.61	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1101.24	< .001
1	136.40	< .001
2	212.13	< .001
3	201.64	< .001
4	105.73	< .001
5	22.17	< .001
6	43.16	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.056
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1038.05	< .001
1	129.95	< .001
2	211.12	< .001
3	179.16	< .001
4	100.08	< .001
5	25.74	< .001
6	44.61	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.601
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1038.05	< .001
1	129.95	< .001
2	211.12	< .001
3	179.16	< .001
4	100.08	< .001
5	25.74	< .001
6	44.61	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.12	4.8	5.43	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.02	3.65	4.39	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.57	4.28	4.86	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	33.84	< .001
1+	33.84	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.02	.003
1+	9.02	.003

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	9.83	.002
1+	9.83	.002

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.49	.483
1+	0.49	.483

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	47.95	< .001
1+	47.95	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	76.47	< .001
1+	76.47	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1061.3	< .001
1+	1061.3	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1170.05	< .001
1+	1170.05	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1101.24	< .001
1+	1101.24	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.169
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1038.05	< .001
1+	1038.05	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.059
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1038.05	< .001
1+	1038.05	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-14.47	-15.47	-13.47	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.28	-8.81	-3.76	< .001
1+	-7.09	-9.58	-4.60	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.03	-3.91	-0.16	.033
1+	-2.59	-4.54	-0.63	.019

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.77	-2.52	0.99	.392
1+	2.76	1.08	4.44	.003

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	6.05	3.74	8.36	< .001
1+	6.72	4.64	8.80	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.31	-12.5	-10.12	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-4.85	-7.79	-1.91	.001
1+	-7.87	-10.89	-4.84	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.04	-0.13	4.21	.131
1+	-1.58	-3.97	0.80	.194

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.85	-0.17	3.88	.146
1+	-0.70	-2.74	1.34	.501

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	10.44	7.77	13.1	< .001
1+	12.79	10.28	15.3	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-12.9	-13.81	-11.98	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.66	-7.92	-3.39	< .001
1+	-7.48	-9.79	-5.17	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.01	-1.67	1.69	.994
1+	-2.05	-3.86	-0.23	.054

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.53	-1.04	2.09	.510
1+	1.03	-0.53	2.58	.391

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	8.19	6.13	10.25	< .001
1+	9.72	7.80	11.63	< .001